In the event of the destruction of a community, a secondary succession begins in it – a slow process of restoration of the initial state. Secondary succession lasts
Primary succession is overgrowing of a place that was not previously occupied by vegetation. Primary successions begin where soil is absent. In nature, primary successions are relatively rare
Any biocenosis depends on its biotope, and, accordingly, the biotope is influenced by the biocenosis. Since climatic, geological and biotic factors are subject to change, the community inevitably
Ecological pyramids are graphical models showing the number of living organisms (pyramid of numbers), their biomass (pyramid of biomass) or the energy they contain (energy pyramid) at each
The sun is practically the only source of all energy on Earth. However, not all of the energy from solar radiation can be absorbed and used by organisms.
In ecosystems, there is a continuous exchange of energy and matter between living and inanimate nature. Energy and matter are constantly needed by living organisms, and they draw
Different species occupy different positions in the food chain, creating the trophic structure of communities. Consistently feeding on each other, living organisms form links in the food chain,
The maintenance of the integrity of the community is ensured by a variety of connections between organisms. Food connections are of the greatest importance in nature, due to
The coexistence of different species and life forms in a community leads to their spatial isolation, which manifests itself in the division of the phytocenosis into separate parts
One of the important characteristics of a community is its morphological structure, which means the ratio of different life forms of living organisms. Life forms are defined as
