Europe before the Great Migration

– Economy: subsistence economy, commodity-money relations are emerging.
– Economy: hunting, farming; developed craft, trade.

Control:
Meetings of authoritative and wealthy representatives of settlements (tribal nobility): issues of war and peace; elected lagman – an expert on customs, judge, king (later became hereditary).
Konungs (princes) – military leaders, heads of squads: guards, raids on neighbors, hired to the Romans, built burgs – fortresses for storing loot, where artisans settled → burgs – trade centers.