Under what conditions and by what means could Frederick II Staufen finally defeat the popes? If this was not possible, then why?
| October 31, 2020 | Education
Frederick II Staufen could have defeated the pope only where the cities became stronger than the feudal lords; they would give the emperor money, soldiers and officials for a lasting civil peace. But in most of Europe, by 1250, cities were weaker than the feudal lords.
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