What is cell engineering? What cell engineering methods do you know? What are the results obtained in their application?

Cell engineering is the cultivation of special cells of plants, animals and microorganisms, including various manipulations with them (cell fusion, removal or transplantation of organoids, etc.).
Using the methods of genetics, scientists create cell lines of plants that produce valuable substances. Such cells are able to grow on simple nutrient media, while synthesizing a large amount of the necessary product, their cultivation is already used on an industrial scale to obtain a number of biologically active substances. For example, the production of ginseng biomass has been launched for the needs of the pharmaceutical and perfume industries.
Propagation based on tissue culture is used to quickly breed slowly growing plants – oil palm, peach, etc. Thus, with conventional cultivation, a raspberry bush can produce no more than 50 daughter plants a year, while using a tissue culture you can get more than 50 000
Using the method of somatic hybridization, hybrids were created that cannot be obtained by crossing individuals – hybrids of tobacco and potatoes, carrots and parsley, tomato and potatoes, etc. Somatic hybridization between cultivated and wild forms of potato allowed to obtain varieties resistant to certain diseases and pests.
The use of IVF (in vitro fertilization, i.e., fertilization of eggs in laboratory conditions outside the mother’s body) allows us to overcome some forms of infertility in humans.