Why did Philip IV defeat the Pope in 1303, but Emperor Frederick II Staufen could not do this in 1230-1250?

bystudin | October 31, 2020 | Education

Frederick II Staufen, unlike Philip IV of France, was not a national king, since there was no people-leader in the Holy Roman Empire. Frederick had a solid foothold only in southern Italy, where he had a bureaucratic apparatus at his disposal.

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