Four main habitats can be distinguished within the biosphere. This is an aquatic environment, a terrestrial-air environment, soil and an environment formed by the living organisms themselves. Water
Ecology is the science of the interaction of living organisms with each other and with the environment. The term “ecology” was coined in 1866 by the German biologist
Biotechnology – methods and techniques for obtaining useful products for humans using living organisms. Biotechnological processes have long been used in the production of bread, lactic acid products,
Plant breeding In plant breeding, the most widely used methods are mutagenesis, mass selection, intraspecific hybridization (inbreeding and outbreeding), distant hybridization, and polyploidy. To increase the diversity of
Breeding is the science of methods for creating new and improving existing animal breeds, plant varieties and microbial strains. The tasks of modern breeding: increasing the productivity of
According to the change in the genetic material, three groups of mutations are distinguished: gene, chromosomal and genomic. Gene mutations Gene, or point (point), are called mutations resulting
The term “mutation” was proposed by the Dutch scientist G. de Vries in 1901. Mutations are abrupt, persistent, sudden changes in genetic material that are inherited. Properties of
The X and Y chromosomes differ in shape, size, and genetic makeup. The X chromosome refers to large chromosomes with a large number of genes. The Y chromosome
Pleiotropy (pleiotropy) is a multiple action of a gene; a type of inheritance in which one gene determines the manifestation of several traits. Most genes have been found
