Tell us about the mechanism of dissociation in aqueous solutions of molecules with a covalent polar bond (acids).

When molecules with a strongly polar and covapent bond are dissolved in water, the nature of the chemical bond changes, i.e. under the influence of polar water molecules, the covalent polar bond in the solute turns into ionic, and then the process of splitting off particles proceeds in the same way as when ionic compounds are dissolved.
When ionic compounds are dissolved in water, water molecules are attracted by their negative poles to the cations of ionic compounds, and their positive poles to the anions of ionic compounds. As a result, the bond between the cation and the anion is weakened and the crystal lattice is destroyed. Cations and anions pass into the solution in the form of hydrathronic ions. This process is facilitated by the high dielectric constant of water.